Thursday, April 30, 2015
Sunday, April 12, 2015
Wednesday, April 8, 2015
how to prevent arp spoofing
hi all
Additional protection of potential man in the middle attack
Dynamic ARP Inspection will help us prevent Address Resolution Protocol – ARP spoofing attacks with help of DHCP functionality and specially DHCP snooping. This is why Dynamic ARP Inspection is usually used simultaneously with DCHP snooping. Let’s se how is this technology protecting us from ARP attack.
The DHCP snooping builds a DHCP binding table in which are the MAC addresses associated with IP addresses of network devices. We can also add to this table static MAC address to IP address mappings. This will be the best thing to do when we are mapping the interfaces of the router. DHCP binding table is used by the Dynamic ARP Inspection – DAI.
ARP – What is ARP?
Purpose of ARP requests in network is to give to the device appropriate mapping of MAC address to IP address. In other words, when a network device needs to find out the MAC address that corresponds to an IP address, the device can send an ARP request. In that moment the device that has an address that we seek replies to the requesting device with an ARP reply. The ARP reply contains the requested MAC address.
Prevent ARP Spoofing using Dynamic ARP Inspection – DAI
Networks can be protected from ARP spoofing attacks using the DAI – Dynamic ARP Inspection. Dynamic ARP Inspection functionality is similar to DHCP snooping. It uses trusted and untrusted ports. ARP replies are allowed into the switch interface only on trusted ports. If an ARP reply comes to the switch on an untrusted port, the contents of the ARP reply packet will be compared to the DHCP binding table to verify its accuracy. If the ARP reply is not valid and is not in the DHCP binding table, the ARP reply is dropped, and the port is disabled.
ON CISCO SWITCH
You can configure on the router
But bad working in load balancy and response other device
Switch1(config)# ip arp inspection vlan 60
Switch1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1
Switch1(config-if)# ip arp inspection trust
Additional protection of potential man in the middle attack
Dynamic ARP Inspection will help us prevent Address Resolution Protocol – ARP spoofing attacks with help of DHCP functionality and specially DHCP snooping. This is why Dynamic ARP Inspection is usually used simultaneously with DCHP snooping. Let’s se how is this technology protecting us from ARP attack.
The DHCP snooping builds a DHCP binding table in which are the MAC addresses associated with IP addresses of network devices. We can also add to this table static MAC address to IP address mappings. This will be the best thing to do when we are mapping the interfaces of the router. DHCP binding table is used by the Dynamic ARP Inspection – DAI.
ARP – What is ARP?
Purpose of ARP requests in network is to give to the device appropriate mapping of MAC address to IP address. In other words, when a network device needs to find out the MAC address that corresponds to an IP address, the device can send an ARP request. In that moment the device that has an address that we seek replies to the requesting device with an ARP reply. The ARP reply contains the requested MAC address.
Prevent ARP Spoofing using Dynamic ARP Inspection – DAI
Networks can be protected from ARP spoofing attacks using the DAI – Dynamic ARP Inspection. Dynamic ARP Inspection functionality is similar to DHCP snooping. It uses trusted and untrusted ports. ARP replies are allowed into the switch interface only on trusted ports. If an ARP reply comes to the switch on an untrusted port, the contents of the ARP reply packet will be compared to the DHCP binding table to verify its accuracy. If the ARP reply is not valid and is not in the DHCP binding table, the ARP reply is dropped, and the port is disabled.
ON CISCO SWITCH
You can configure on the router
But bad working in load balancy and response other device
Switch1(config)# ip arp inspection vlan 60
Switch1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1
Switch1(config-if)# ip arp inspection trust
Tuesday, April 7, 2015
6 Proven Benefits of Apple Cider Vinegar (No. 3 is Best)
1. Apple Cider Vinegar is High in Acetic Acid, Which Has Potent Biological Effects
Vinegar is made in a two-step process, related to how alcohol is made
The first step exposes crushed apples (or apple cider) to yeast, which ferment the sugars and turn them into alcohol.
In the second step, bacteria are added to the alcohol solution, which further ferment the alcohol and turn it into acetic acid… the main active compound in vinegar.
In French, the word “vinegar” actually means “sour wine.”
Organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegar (like Bragg’s) also contains “mother,” strands of proteins, enzymes and friendly bacteria that give the product a murky, cobweb-like appearance.
2. Acetic Acid is a Potent Antimicrobial and Can Kill Some Types of Bacteria
Glass Bottle With Unfiltered Apple Cider Vinegar
Vinegar can help kill pathogens, including bacteria
It has traditionally been used for cleaning and disinfecting, treating nail fungus, lice, warts and ear infections.
However, many of these applications have currently not been confirmed by research.
Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used vinegar for wound cleaning over two thousand years ago.
Vinegar has been used as a food preservative, and studies show that it inhibits bacteria (like E. coli) from growing in the food and spoiling it
If you’re looking for a natural way to preserve your food… then apple cider vinegar could be highly useful.
There have also been anecdotal reports of diluted apple cider vinegar helping with acne when applied on the skin, but I didn’t find any research to confirm this so take it with a grain of salt
3. Apple Cider Vinegar May Lower Blood Sugar Levels, Which is Very Useful For Diabetics
By far the most successful application of vinegar to date, is in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugars, either in the context of insulin resistance or an inability to produce insulin.
However, elevated blood sugar can also be a problem in people who don’t have diabetes… it is believed to be a major cause of ageing and various chronic diseases.
So, pretty much everyone should benefit from keeping their blood sugar levels stable.
The most effective (and healthiest) way to do that is to avoid refined carbs and sugar, but apple cider vinegar may also have a powerful effect.
Vinegar has been shown to have numerous benefits for insulin function and blood sugar levels:
Improves insulin sensitivity during a high-carb meal by 19-34% and significantly lowers blood glucose and insulin responses
Reduces blood sugar by 34% when eating 50 grams of white bread
2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar before bedtime can reduce fasting blood sugars by 4%
Numerous other studies, in both rats and humans, show that vinegar can increase insulin sensitivity and significantly lower blood sugar responses during meals
4. There Are Some Studies Showing That Apple Cider Vinegar Can Help With Weight Loss
Vinegar is made in a two-step process, related to how alcohol is made
The first step exposes crushed apples (or apple cider) to yeast, which ferment the sugars and turn them into alcohol.
In the second step, bacteria are added to the alcohol solution, which further ferment the alcohol and turn it into acetic acid… the main active compound in vinegar.
In French, the word “vinegar” actually means “sour wine.”
Organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegar (like Bragg’s) also contains “mother,” strands of proteins, enzymes and friendly bacteria that give the product a murky, cobweb-like appearance.
2. Acetic Acid is a Potent Antimicrobial and Can Kill Some Types of Bacteria
Glass Bottle With Unfiltered Apple Cider Vinegar
Vinegar can help kill pathogens, including bacteria
It has traditionally been used for cleaning and disinfecting, treating nail fungus, lice, warts and ear infections.
However, many of these applications have currently not been confirmed by research.
Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used vinegar for wound cleaning over two thousand years ago.
Vinegar has been used as a food preservative, and studies show that it inhibits bacteria (like E. coli) from growing in the food and spoiling it
If you’re looking for a natural way to preserve your food… then apple cider vinegar could be highly useful.
There have also been anecdotal reports of diluted apple cider vinegar helping with acne when applied on the skin, but I didn’t find any research to confirm this so take it with a grain of salt
3. Apple Cider Vinegar May Lower Blood Sugar Levels, Which is Very Useful For Diabetics
By far the most successful application of vinegar to date, is in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugars, either in the context of insulin resistance or an inability to produce insulin.
However, elevated blood sugar can also be a problem in people who don’t have diabetes… it is believed to be a major cause of ageing and various chronic diseases.
So, pretty much everyone should benefit from keeping their blood sugar levels stable.
The most effective (and healthiest) way to do that is to avoid refined carbs and sugar, but apple cider vinegar may also have a powerful effect.
Vinegar has been shown to have numerous benefits for insulin function and blood sugar levels:
Improves insulin sensitivity during a high-carb meal by 19-34% and significantly lowers blood glucose and insulin responses
Reduces blood sugar by 34% when eating 50 grams of white bread
2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar before bedtime can reduce fasting blood sugars by 4%
Numerous other studies, in both rats and humans, show that vinegar can increase insulin sensitivity and significantly lower blood sugar responses during meals
4. There Are Some Studies Showing That Apple Cider Vinegar Can Help With Weight Loss
Given that vinegar lowers blood sugar and insulin levels, it makes sense that it could help you lose weight.
Several human studies suggest that vinegar can increase satiety, help you eat fewer calories and even lead to actual pounds lost on the scale.
Vinegar along with high-carb meals can increase feelings of fullness and make people eat 200-275 fewer calories for the rest of the day
By reducing calorie intake, this should translate to reduced weight over time.
A study in obese individuals showed that daily vinegar consumption led to reduced belly fat, waist circumference, lower blood triglycerides and weight loss
15mL (1 tablespoon): Lost 2.6 pounds, or 1.2 kilograms.
30mL (2 tablespoons): Lost 3.7 pounds, or 1.7 kilograms.
However… keep in mind that this study went on for 12 weeks, so the true effects on body weight seem to be rather modest.
That being said, just adding/subtracting single foods or ingredients rarely has a noticeable effect on weight.
It’s the entire diet/lifestyle that counts… you need to combine several effective methods to see results.
Overall, it seems like apple cider vinegar may be useful as a weight loss aid, mainly by promoting satiety and lowering glucose and insulin levels.
But it won’t work any miracles on its own.
5. Apple Cider Vinegar May Have Some Benefits For Heart Health
Cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke) is currently the world’s biggest cause of death
It is known that several measurable biological factors are linked to either a decreased or increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Several of these “risk factors” have been shown to be improved by vinegar consumption… but all of the studies were done in rats.
These rat studies showed that apple cider vinegar can lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels (20, 21).
Apple cider vinegar may also contain the antioxidant chlorogenic acid, which has been shown to protect LDL cholesterol particles from becoming oxidized, a crucial step in the heart disease process
There are also some studies showing that vinegar reduces blood pressure (a major risk factor) in rats
Unfortunately, what works in animals doesn’t always work in humans.
The only human evidence is an observational study from Harvard showing that women who ate salad dressings with vinegar had a reduced risk of heart disease
But this type of study can only show an association, it can not prove that the vinegar caused anything.
6. Vinegar May be Protective Against Cancer
Decanter With Apple Cider Vinegar
Cancer is a terrible disease, characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells.
There is a lot of hype online about the anti-cancer effects of apple cider vinegar.
Some studies have shown that vinegar can kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
However, all of the studies on this were done in isolated cells in test tubes, or rats, which proves nothing about what happens in a living, breathing human.
Additionally, most of the studies were done on rice vinegar, not apple cider vinegar.
That being said, some observational studies (which don’t prove anything) have shown that vinegar ingestion is linked to decreased esophageal cancer in China, but increased bladder cancer in Serbia
Overall… it is possible that apple cider vinegar may help to prevent cancer, but it is definitely premature to make any recommendations based on the current research.
http://authoritynutrition.com/6-proven-health-benefits-of-apple-cider-vinegar/
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